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On 10 October 1603, the Dutch ships sailed up the river to Johor Lama where they first spotted the Portuguese armada. After consulting with his naval council, the leading officers under his command resolved to assist the Johoreans in breaking the Portuguese blockade of the Johor River. He learnt via these contacts as well as from the resident Dutch factor at Batu Sawar of the Portuguese riverine blockade. Van Enkhuysen and his ships were searching for the Old Strait of Singapore in late September 1603 when they successfully made contact with some local fishermen and subsequently also with the Johor royal court at Batu Sawar, which was located in the upper reaches of the Johor River near present-day Kota Tinggi. It was reported that the Portuguese had taken and occupied Johor Lama (the former capital of Johor) at the time. To punish the Johoreans for supporting the Dutch in the seizure of the richly-laden Santa Catarina merchant vessel, the governor of Malacca, André Furtado de Mendonça, sent a galleon and several smaller craft to the Johor River to harass the riverine towns and impose a blockade to cut off the upstream settlements. The battle has its origins in the Santa Catarina incident that took place off the coast of Singapore on 25 February 1603. While these craft may have been useful in a local context, they were not suited to engage larger blue-water ships armed with heavy artillery. The Portuguese routinely used the smaller craft to enter shallow waters and chase after pirates up rivers and their tributaries. The Portuguese armada was made up of about 40 vessels, consisting mostly of smaller craft and one galleon named the Todos os Santos (All Saints), which was under the command of Captain Teixeira de Macedo (also known as Teixeira de Matos). He was appointed second-in-command in the fleet of Admiral Wijbrand van Warwijk.
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The Dutch had four ships (the Zerikzee, Hollandsche Tuin, Maagd van Enkhuysen and Papagaaiken (Zerikzee, Dutch Garden, Maiden of Enkhuysen and Little Parrot) that were under the immediate command of Vice Admiral Jacob Pietersz van Enkhuysen. The actual battle off Changi occurred on 10 October 1603. The 1603 naval battle off Changi was one of three naval confrontations between the Dutch and Portuguese that took place in the Johor River and Singapore Straits between 6 and 11 October 1603.